Hiwatt Leeds 25R Review – Classic British Tone in a Budget Amp?

April 15, 2025April 15, 2025 Dan - Fret Success

The name Hiwatt is iconic in the world of British guitar tone. Known for their punchy, high-headroom cleans and rich harmonic drive when cranked, Hiwatt amps have shaped the sound of artists like David Gilmour, Pete Townshend, and Jimmy Page. The Leeds 25R, however, is a different beast entirely – a solid-state, budget-friendly head that aims to bring that classic Hiwatt tone to the everyday guitarist. But does it actually deliver?

Key Features

The Leeds 25R is a compact 25-watt solid-state amp head with two channels, built-in digital reverb, a 3-band EQ, and a contour knob for midrange shaping. It also includes aux input and headphone output, plus speaker outputs for 4 and 8 ohms. It’s light, portable, and comes in at under $200 CAD – which already sets it up as a contender in the budget amp category.

Build and Design

There’s nothing flashy about the Leeds 25R – and that’s part of its charm. It’s simple, solid, and focused on the essentials. Controls are clear and familiar, with a front panel featuring volume, EQ, reverb, and gain for each channel. The contour control allows you to scoop or boost the mids depending on your taste or guitar setup.

You get a headphone out that mutes the speaker (perfect for silent practice), aux in for backing tracks, and speaker outs for 4 or 8 ohm cabinets. It’s worth noting there’s no 16 ohm output, which might limit some cabinet pairing options. There’s also no direct out or cab sim – something that would have been a welcome addition in 2025 – but at this price, it’s hard to be too picky.

Sound and Performance

Clean Tones

Plugging into the clean channel with a PRS, I was immediately struck by the clarity and fullness of the tone. It’s got that signature Hiwatt sparkle and punch, especially with single coils. There’s good headroom and the EQ gives you enough control without overcomplicating things. The reverb, while digital, adds a nice dimension to the sound and stays musical across its range – usable at all levels and never too overpowering.

Overdrive and Gain

This is where the amp truly surprised me. At lower gain settings, the overdrive can sound a little fizzy – typical of many solid-state amps in this range. But push the gain past halfway and the Leeds 25R starts to shine. You get rich, full distortion that’s articulate and tight enough for rock and even heavier tones. The contour control helps you fine-tune the mids for everything from vintage crunch to modern scooped tones. I found the amp particularly responsive when paired with humbuckers, offering enough gain to comfortably sit in a live mix or studio session.

The only weak spot was the mid-gain range, where the amp struggles to replicate the smooth tube-style breakup you might expect from higher-end gear. But for clean tones and full high-gain sounds, it absolutely punches above its weight.

Practical Use and Volume

At 25 watts, the Leeds 25R is surprisingly loud. Through a 2×12 cab, it had no trouble filling a room and would hold its own in rehearsal or small venue settings. For live use, it would ideally be mic’d, but there’s more than enough volume for most players. As a practice amp, it’s a no-brainer. For studio use, the clean tones and high gain options offer a lot of flexibility with very little tweaking required.

Headphone and Aux Features

The headphone output is functional, but not impressive. The tone through headphones is fairly brittle, and there’s no separate volume control – meaning you’ll need to adjust the master volume for quiet play. It gets the job done for late-night sessions, but don’t expect studio quality. Similarly, the aux in feels a bit dated in a world of Bluetooth connectivity. It’s a nice inclusion, but I found myself wishing it could wirelessly pair with a phone or tablet. Again, not a dealbreaker, but something to note.

What Could Be Improved

Aside from the headphone and aux quirks, the biggest limitation is the lack of a 16 ohm output. Many cabs – especially vintage or boutique ones – run at 16 ohms, so it would have been nice to see that option. A direct out or simple cab sim would’ve been an excellent inclusion for players wanting to record or run direct to a PA. It’s also worth noting that the amp doesn’t include an effects loop, but at this price, it’s hard to hold that against it.

Verdict

The Hiwatt Leeds 25R is a compact, affordable amp that offers a lot more tone than its price tag would suggest. The cleans are genuinely impressive – dynamic, sparkly, and full of character. The high-gain tones are thick and articulate, and the amp feels great to play through. It’s not a tube amp, and it doesn’t pretend to be – but if you want something that nails the basics with a clear nod to British rock history, this is a solid bet.

It’s perfect for home players, beginner gigging musicians, or even experienced guitarists looking for a great-sounding backup head. With just enough flexibility and a tonal profile that leans into Hiwatt’s roots, the Leeds 25R is an easy recommendation in the under-$200 category.

Pros

Fantastic clean tones with surprising depth
High-gain sounds are tight and usable
Simple, intuitive controls
Lightweight and affordable
Great platform for pedals

Cons

No 16 ohm speaker out
Headphone tone is brittle
Aux input feels outdated
No direct out or cab sim

Thanks to Guitarworks Canada

Big thanks to Guitarworks Canada for supporting the channel and providing the Leeds 25R for review. They’re an official Hiwatt dealer and offer free shipping across Canada, so if you’re interested in picking one up, check them out.

Watch the full video demo here: https://youtu.be/TLw8iHWJgQk?si=obvqoOff2L4mz4N8

Inside the Creative Mind of Ariel Posen: Songwriting, Emotion & The Making of ‘Reasons Why’

March 23, 2025 Dan - Fret Success

Interview by Dan, Fret Success Guitar Show

Earlier this year, I sat down with Ariel Posen — acclaimed guitarist, singer-songwriter, and all-around creative powerhouse — for a conversation ahead of the release of his new album Reasons Why. We explored his creative process, the evolution of his songwriting, and what this latest record means to him on a personal level.

Here’s a lightly edited transcript of our conversation. Watch the full interview here.

Dan: Ariel, thanks for being here. First off — where are you based these days?
Ariel: Thanks for having me, Dan. I’m living in Montreal at the moment. My wife’s job moves us around a bit, and I can pretty much work from anywhere, so it works well.

Dan: That’s the life of a touring musician, right? Let’s talk about your new record Reasons Why. It feels more personal and raw than some of your past work. What headspace were you in going into this one?
Ariel: Yeah, that was intentional. I really wanted this record to reflect where I’ve been at lately. A lot of the songs came out of periods of change — some big emotional stuff. But I also didn’t want it to lose that sense of groove and melody. That’s always part of what I do. I guess it ended up being a bit of a journey into self-discovery.

Dan: There’s definitely that vibe, but also some really tight songwriting. It’s catchy without feeling polished or formulaic. Is that balance something you aim for?
Ariel: I don’t really aim for “catchy,” but I do love strong melodies. I’ve always been drawn to that, probably from growing up listening to The Beatles. For me, if it sticks with me and feels good to sing or play, then I figure it might connect with other people too.

Dan: You mentioned growing up with music. What was your path into guitar?
Ariel: My parents were in a band, so music was just always around. I remember being at rehearsals, backstage at gigs — that was my normal. I started on drums, then moved to bass, and eventually landed on guitar. That was the one that really clicked.

Dan: You’ve got such a signature tone and feel. Was that something you actively developed?
Ariel: Yeah, it took time. Early on, I was just trying to copy my heroes. Then slowly, your own sound starts to emerge. It’s all in the touch — how you play, not just what you play. I’m big on dynamics, phrasing, and letting notes breathe.

Dan: I want to ask about the track “Better” — it’s one of my favourites. It’s got this really soulful, almost gospel-like feel.
Ariel: That one came out of a tough moment. I wrote it really quickly, just let it all out. The gospel harmonies came in later and gave it that uplifting feel. It needed that contrast — the hope within the heaviness.

Dan: You’ve mentioned artists like John Mayer and Bonnie Raitt before. Who else shaped your songwriting approach?
Ariel: Loads of people. Jeff Buckley for his vulnerability, The Band for their storytelling, Aretha for the soul. I love artists who sing and you believe every word. That’s the goal.

Dan: You’re about to head out on tour. What’s going through your mind as you get ready to take these songs on the road?
Ariel: Excitement, mostly. There’s nothing like playing new songs for people. The studio version is one thing, but live is where they come to life in a different way. It’s more raw, more immediate.

Dan: You’ve also been involved in education — clinics, masterclasses, that kind of thing. Still finding time for that?
Ariel: When I can, yeah. I love doing it. Teaching helps you reflect on your own playing and keeps you connected to the “why” behind what you do. Plus, I remember what it meant to learn from someone I admired. I try to pay that forward.

Dan: Last one — if someone hears Reasons Why for the first time, what do you hope they take from it?
Ariel: I hope it makes them feel something. That they’re not alone in whatever they’re going through. That’s the power of music — connection. If even one person hears it and feels understood, then I’ve done my job.

Ariel Posen’s latest album Reasons Why is available now on all major streaming platforms.

You can also find more from Ariel on his official website, follow him on Instagram, or check out his YouTube channel for performances, gear demos, and insights into his songwriting process.

To hear this full interview and more, subscribe to the Fret Success Guitar Show on YouTube.

Reignite Your Guitar Journey: 10 Tips to Conquer Procrastination and Rediscover Your Passion

July 1, 2023July 7, 2023 Dan - Fret Success

Guitar Procrastination

Have you ever found yourself staring at your guitar, feeling a pang of guilt for neglecting it, despite even sometimes years of playing?

As a guitarist who has experienced the ups and downs of the musical journey, I understand the frustration of losing focus and struggling with limited time for practice.

The excitement that once fueled your progress may have dimmed, and the routines of life may have taken over, leaving you longing to rekindle that spark and advance once again.

1. Acknowledge Your Struggles:

Let’s start by acknowledging that every guitarist experiences moments of stagnation. It’s crucial to recognize that this is a normal part of the learning process. By accepting this reality, you can relieve the pressure and anxiety you may feel when facing a plateau in your progress.

2. Reflect on Your Journey:

Take a moment to reflect on your journey as a guitarist. Remember the excitement and joy you felt when you first picked up the instrument. Recall the milestones you achieved and the songs you mastered. This reflection will help you reconnect with your initial passion and serve as a reminder that you’re capable of overcoming any challenges that come your way.

3. Set Realistic Goals:

When time is limited, it’s important to set realistic goals for your guitar practice. Break down your aspirations into smaller, achievable objectives. For example, instead of aiming to learn an entire song in one practice session, focus on mastering a specific section or technique. This approach will make your goals more attainable and prevent overwhelming feelings of frustration.

4. Create a Consistent Practice Routine:

Consistency is key when it comes to progress on the guitar. Establish a regular practice routine that fits your schedule, even if it’s just 10–15 minutes a day. Consistency builds momentum and helps you stay motivated. Set aside a specific time each day dedicated solely to your guitar practice, treating it as a non-negotiable appointment with yourself. You may have already tried this in the past or even think this is obvious. But you need to force yourself to do this. It really helps to have a plan and stay accountable.

5. Embrace Variety in Practice:

Spice up your practice routine by incorporating variety. Instead of repeating the same exercises or songs every day, explore new genres, techniques, or styles. Experiment with different chord progressions, scales, or rhythmic patterns to keep your practice sessions fresh and engaging. Variety stimulates creativity and prevents monotony.

6. Seek Inspiration:

Seeking inspiration is crucial for overcoming a rut. Listen to a diverse range of guitarists and explore different musical genres. Attend live performances or watch inspiring guitar videos online. Engage with the guitar community by joining forums or social media groups, where you can exchange ideas, seek advice, and celebrate achievements. Surrounding yourself with like-minded individuals will reignite your enthusiasm for the instrument.

7. Break It Down and Focus:

When time is limited, break down complex tasks into smaller, manageable parts. Instead of trying to tackle an entire song, focus on learning a single riff or chord progression. By breaking it down, you can make progress even with a busy schedule. Celebrate each small victory along the way to maintain motivation.

8. Experiment with Technology:

Embrace technology to enhance your practice routine. Utilize guitar apps or software that offer interactive lessons, chord libraries, and backing tracks. These tools can make practicing more enjoyable and provide additional guidance when you’re short on time. Embracing technology also helps you explore new avenues of learning, such as online tutorials and virtual lessons.

9. Be Kind to Yourself:

Remember to be kind to yourself throughout your guitar journey. Avoid self-judgment and comparison to others. Progress on the guitar is unique to each individual, and everyone learns at their own pace. Celebrate your achievements, no matter how small, and acknowledge the effort you put into your practice.

10. Find a Guitar Partner for Accountability and Musical Growth

This is the real game changer. Playing guitar doesn’t have to be a solitary endeavour. One effective way to reignite your passion and maintain consistency is by finding a guitar partner to play with and keeping each other accountable. Collaborating with someone who shares your musical interests can be both inspiring and motivating. This doesn’t mean just turning up to jam and having a few beers. You should focus on learning new techniques and songs together along with figuring out musical theory concepts and why a song is composed in a certain way.

Conclusion:

Rekindling your passion for the guitar and breaking through procrastination is possible, even with limited time and years of experience. By acknowledging your struggles, setting realistic goals, establishing a consistent routine, seeking inspiration, and embracing variety in practice, you can reignite the fire within you. Remember, every small step counts, and the journey itself is as valuable as the destination.

So pick up your guitar, embrace the challenge, and let the music guide you to new heights of creativity and fulfillment.

Dan

Fret Success — Founder

www.fretsuccess.com

Learn Guitar In A Day – Marlene Hutchinson – Interview on the Fret Success Guitar Show

September 23, 2020September 23, 2020 Dan - Fret Success

Lollar Pickups – Jason Lollar – Interview on the Fret Success Guitar Show

September 23, 2020September 23, 2020 Dan - Fret Success

I caught up with designer and founder of Lollar Pickups, Jason Lollar in this latest episode of the Fret Success Guitar Show.

These are some seriously tasty pickups and what a great guy to talk to.

If you're looking to upgrade your guitar and get the best bang for your buck then these are an amazing choice.

They also go on some of your high end guitars for some of the big names.

We talk about what changes the pickup characteristics, how to create a great pickup product line and how some artists use Lollar Pickups on the sly, even when endorsed by others...

Video

YouTube: https://youtu.be/Y3tS43_LsbM

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fretsuccess/videos/332336424494093

Podcast

FS Website: https://fretsuccess.com/podcast-fret-success-guitar-show/

Apple Music: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lollar-pickups-jason-lollar-interview-fret-success/id1456545405

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5mVdwLQ5vopYTirI68Og5K

Google: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5idXp6c3Byb3V0LmNvbS8yNjk3NTcucnNz/episode/ODE3OGUzZTEtYmRhNC00MTY4LTlmM2ItY2QxNjE3OWUyMjU4?sa=X&ved=0CAUQkfYCahcKEwjQ9rbn0f_rAhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAQ

What are the guitar string frequencies?

March 26, 2019October 2, 2019 Dan - Fret Success

The guitar string frequency, is the number of times a string displaces by its maximum amplitude (one full cycle) in one second, after being struck.

What each string frequency is, depends on what you tune them to.

If we’re talking standard tuning for open strings on a 6-string guitar, then they are the following:

Going from thickest to thinnest strings:

E: 82 Hz (E2 Musical Note)

A: 110 Hz (A2 Musical Note)

D: 147 Hz (D3 Musical Note)

G: 196 Hz (G3 Musical Note)

B: 247 Hz (B3 Musical Note)

E: 330 Hz (E4 Musical Note)

So, the lowest note on the frequency produced by a tuned guitar is 82 Hz from the open thick E string (E2).

Some guitars have extra strings in the lower region i.e. 7 and 8 string guitars.

7 string guitars add an extra B note (B1) under the E2 note of a standard 6 string guitar. The B1 note has a frequency of 62 Hz.

8 string guitars add a further string below the B1 note of a 7 string, which is normally tuned to F# (F#0). This note is a frequency of 23 Hz.

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Right, where were we?

This is a great thing to know when mixing music, as basically all frequencies in a guitar recording below 87 Hz are useless. They are likely to contain microphone rumble etc. rather than anything guitar related. Remove this can really clean up your mix and help your compressors out.

You just need to be careful of filter roll off (dB/octave) when applying any high pass EQ/filtering to a signal. As setting the cut-off frequency at 87 may lose you some audio information at this frequency and above it.

So, if you are going to cut, then keep this in mind and keep it a bit below 87 Hz.

It’s important to also note that the frequency content of a guitar string in motion is not just its fundamental tone.

A string vibrates with many harmonics that are numerically related to the fundamental frequency.

This combination of fundamental sound from the string resonance and the additional harmonics give the guitar its frequency content and sound.

What are the string frequencies dependent on?

The frequency of sound a guitar string produces is dependent on a few physical properties. Namely,

string tension (how far you’ve wound the string);
string mass (gauge of string); and
string length (nut to bridge).

The higher the tension, the higher the pitch.

The higher the mass, the lower the pitch.

The longer the string length, the lower the pitch.

Here’s a link to an article with more information on this topic – How do guitar strings produce their sound?.

What’s the lowest it will go?

The limit to how low you can take the guitar is dependent on the setup of your guitar including:

string gauge;
height of bridge; and
guitar action (how high strings are above fret board).

Thicker strings can go lower in pitch, just think about the difference in thickness between a guitar and a bass guitar. The bass guitar strings are much lower in pitch.

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Drop C Tuning

Drop C Tuning is common place in heavier styles of music and most commonly the following notes (going from thick to thin):

C: 65 Hz (C2 Musical Note)

G: 98 Hz (G2 Musical Note)

C: 131 Hz (C3 Musical Note)

F: 175 Hz (F3 Musical Note)

A: 220 Hz (A3 Musical Note)

D: 294 Hz (D4 Musical Note)

People in the know among you will perhaps see this as simply being drop D tuning (DADGBE) but dropped down a full step.

It has a much deeper tone than standard tuning and is often found easier to sing to.

Bass Guitar

The lowest string of a 4-string bass guitar is one full octave below that of the standard 6 string guitar. The notes and frequencies of the 4-string bass guitar (going from thick to thin) are:

E: 41 Hz (E1 Musical Note)

A: 55 Hz (A1 Musical Note)

D: 73 Hz (D2 Musical Note)

G: 98 Hz (G2 Musical Note)

5 string bass guitars add an extra B note (B0) under the E1 note of a standard 4 string bass guitar. The B0 note has a frequency of 31 Hz.

6 string bass guitars add a further string above the G2 note of a 5 string, which is normally tuned to C (C3). This note is a frequency of 131 Hz.

How does the frequency range of a guitar compare against other instruments?

I’m going to stick to the fundamental frequencies of a standard 6 string guitar, when I compare it against other instruments.

In general, the guitar frequency range starts at the upper end of the low frequency range and typically goes as high at the thin E string on the 24^th fret, which is an E note (E7) with a frequency of 2637 Hz.

If we compare this range to other common instruments we can see the guitar has a good range and sits near the middle.

Check out the image below:

In the traditional instrument pool, the piano has the biggest frequency range; which is based on strings too!

Modern music and synthesizers go lower and higher than this but the issue then becomes having the audio system to adequately reproduce the sound.

I hope this article helped you to understand more about the elusive topic of the frequencies of guitar strings.

I could carry on further and, in more detail, but thought this was a good place to stop for now.

I also have lots of free guitar lesson guitar available when you subscribe to the free membership are called the Fret Success Academy.

Thanks,

Dan

(Founder)

www.fretsuccess.com

What is the purpose and proper use of a tone knob on a guitar?

January 23, 2019October 2, 2019 Dan - Fret Success

What is the purpose and proper use of a tone knob on a guitar?

This article will help you understand more about the use of the tone knob including why it works the way it does and why we use it.

I’ve written a brief summary article and also a full detailed version for you to dig in to later!

Summary

What is the purpose and proper use of a tone knob on the guitar?

Just in case you really need to know right now, I’ve put a quick summary of the main article hear.

Well it affects the top end or high frequencies of your guitar signal.

The lower the number on the tone knob, the more high frequencies are removed from your signal.

In terms of proper use, this is really up to the player but it’s generally used to remove harshness from the guitar sound. You can also use it for more artistic effects such as a more mellow, jazz type sound or even more drastic effects such as in combination with a fuzz pedal.

Have a play with it and see what you make of it.

The main article goes through some background as to why the tone knob removes high frequencies and is hopefully useful!

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Read on for the main article.

Main Article

So, what is the purpose and proper use of a tone knob on a guitar?

To put it simply, the tone knob’s purpose is to change the way your guitar sounds.

The proper use of it is up to the player and depends on what you want from your guitar sound.

It can be used to reduce the high frequencies to tame any harshness or take them away more drastically to get more of a mellow jazz tone or even a simplified Slash (Guns n’ Roses) sound.

The most basic form is a single knob that goes from 0 to 10 but there can be more sophisticated versions including those that can alter the bass and treble content of your signal.

Electroacoustic guitars typically have even more control with bass, middle and treble dials and even through to microphone modelling simulators to give a more natural sounding signal.

Let’s start with the basic, single knob, version first.

How does a single tone knob work?

Simply put, the tone knob changes the resistance in the guitar circuit and starts to introduce the influence from a capacitor to send some of the signal to ground.

A capacitor has the function to change the frequency response (how sound is affected when put through an electrical/acoustic system) of a circuit, i.e. the way the sound is changed when your guitar signal passes through it.

Capacitors have the potential to affect the audio signal depending on their capacitance and where they are in the circuit.

Changing the capacitor will change the function of the tone knob and especially how effective the tone knob is throughout its range.

Generally, as the tone knob value increases the less influence the capacitor has on the signal.

The lower the number on the tone knob the lower the cut off frequency of the low pass filter is apparent.

What is a low pass filter?

A low pass filter is one of the simplest audio filters there is.

The name gives you a clue!

It basically allows the low frequency signal through (low pass) and stops the high frequency sound or removes it from the signal.

The image below shows a low pass filter represented as a graphic equalizer (EQ).

You can see that the high frequencies are being attenuated by the graphic equalizer simulating a low pass filter.

The frequency at which the high frequency content is stopped by the filter is called the cut-off frequency.

In a guitar circuit, the tone knob and capacitor influence the cut-off frequency.

This is essentially the frequency at which the higher frequency audio signal is sent to ground and removed from that which is sent to your guitar output jack.

Typically, the range of a tone knob will go from 0 to 10. 10 has the minimum influence on the tone (full audio signal) and 0 has the maximum (most affect on signal).

Basic Electric Guitar Circuit

One of the simplest guitar circuits is that of the glorious Fender Telecaster using two single coil pickups, 3-way switch, single volume and tone knob.

The image below illustrates the Fender Telecaster circuit.

The pickup signal is essentially a voltage and current source.

The tone and volume knobs are the key resistive elements. You can get difference values for these but the most common at 250 kΩ and 500 kΩ.

The tone and volume knobs are used to vary the electrical resistance in the circuit. The knobs are variable resistors or potentiometers.

The resistance of a potentiometer is increased when the potentiometer is turned clockwise (from 0 to 10).

The tone knob then works with the capacitor to remove high frequency signal from the chain at the user’s discretion.

The resistance of the tone knob doesn’t really change with frequency but the capacitor’s resistance (impedance) does and is influenced by both the signal frequency and the capacitor value.

There is an equation that shows the relationship between all these elements are given below:

The higher the tone knob resistance (towards 10), the less high frequencies go to ground and the pickup signal is maintained and passes to the output socket; as electricity prefers the path of least resistance.

The images below show the frequency content of the signal out for Tone settings 10, 5 and 0.

It can be seen that the high frequency drops of when the tone number is lower.

How does the type of capacitor influence the tone knob function?

How do different capacitors influence the tone knob function?

The capacitor resistance is decreased if the capacitance or frequency of the signal passing through increases.

The physical nature of capacitors mean that high frequencies are less influenced by resistance of a capacitor when compared to low frequencies.

So, one way we can change the frequency response of the tone knob is by changing the value (capacitance) of the tone capacitor. A higher value tone knob capacitor equals a lower cut off frequency of the low pass filter.

You can use any capacitor you want but the I’ve listed the most common capacitance types going from highest cut off frequency to lowest below:

– 0.047 μF

– 0.033 μF

– 0.022 μF

– 0.01 μF

What are potential uses of the tone knob?

In terms of potential use of the guitar tone knob, this is really up to the player.

It’s generally used to remove harshness from the guitar sound.

You can also use it for more artistic effects such as a more mellow, jazz type sound or even more drastic effects such as in combination with a fuzz pedal.

If you have a slightly harsh sounding guitar just try putting your tone knob on the 8 setting and you should hear it mellow out a bit.

I use this technique if I’m using a slightly harsh amplifier, especially on the clean channel. You can also push this further and take the tone setting to 5 to get a mellow jazz sound.

Have a play with it and see what you make of it.

Drop a comment below with your favourite tone knob settings and what you use it for!

I hope this article has been of use.

I also have lots of free guitar lesson guitar available when you subscribe to the Fret Success Academy.

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Thanks,

Dan

(Founder)

www.fretsuccess.com

What is a Pentatonic Scale?

January 15, 2019October 2, 2019 Dan - Fret Success

So what is a Pentatonic Scale?

This article will help you understand more about the Pentatonic Scale including where it comes from and why we use it.

I’ve written a brief summary article and also a full detailed version for you to dig in to later!

Summary

In the full article I’ve covered the following:

What are musical scales?
What is the Chromatic Scale?
The difference between major and minor scales
What are musical intervals?
Major scale intervals
Minor scale intervals
What is a Pentatonic Scale and where do they come from?
Some commonly used Pentatonic scales

Pentatonic scales are a simplified version, or selection, from the wider full scale, whether it be major or minor.

They tend to be used by beginners as they are easier to make sound good over chord progressions and you don’t need to remember as many notes as the full scale.

The order of notes that are played define the sound that they will make.

The Major Pentatonic Scale is 5 notes from the wider major scale namely notes 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6.

The Minor Pentatonic Scale is 5 notes from the wider natural minor scale namely notes 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7.

The most common pentatonic scales are major and minor but they can be related harmonically and even contain the same notes such as C Major Pentatonic and A Minor Pentatonic.

I’ve got more detail about musical scales and guitar chords that you must know in my free Online Guitar Academy.

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Please read on to the full article for more detailed information, graphics and some guitar neck diagrams to help you learn about some of the most common pentatonic scales there are.

Main Article

Before we get into what a Pentatonic Scale is, I want to lay down some basics first.

What are Musical Scales?

Musical scales are a grouping of notes that relate to each other and give a distinctive sound when played in sequence or when a certain selection is played together.

In music, you only need to know one scale and then everything else comes from that scale.

So, what scale is this? It’s the Chromatic Scale.

Chromatic Scale

The Chromatic Scale contains all the notes that we can play in music.

There are a finite (limited) number of notes (12 in total) within the Chromatic Scale as shown below.

The ‘#’ symbol indicates a sharp note and the ‘b’ symbol represents a flat note.

It’s not important to know the exact reasons for these, in the initial stages of guitar; which I’m guessing you’re at if you’re wondering what pentatonic scales are.

You just need to know they exist and be aware of them.

Sharps (#) and flats (b)are interchangeable for certain notes i.e. A# is the same as Bb in that is the same note.

However, they have different meanings depending on the scale they are in.

It’s an important concept to grasp that musical notes in the Chromatic Scale are not linear (i.e. in one line) but circular in a continuous pattern; increasing in pitch with no start or end.

But there can’t be just one scale I’ve heard of major and minor scales!

That’s right but all the other scales still use the Chromatic Scale. It’s just a matter of the order you hear the notes and the spacing between them.

For example, the major scale is a selection of notes from the Chromatic Scale with a standardized space between them called intervals.

What are Musical Intervals?

A musical interval is the spacing between notes when played in order or together but what does that mean?

The Chromatic Scale goes up in “semitones” (the smallest interval between notes).

The easiest way to remember this is the change in pitch when you move up or down by one fret on the guitar; this is a semitone.

Try doing this on your guitar, so you get an idea of how this sounds.

The next most common interval is the “tone” (sometimes known as whole note).

This is easy to remember as it is a spacing/interval of two semitones. Just think of it like a circle, i.e. two semi circles make a circle and so two semitones make a tone.

A musical scale is made up of a combination of a mix of tones and semi tones; depending on the type.

Just know that if you remember the Chromatic Scale you won’t go far wrong.

It might seem that there are so many scales that you don’t know where to even start learning and remembering them.

All a musical scale is, is a selection of notes from the Chromatic Scale played either in order (traditional scale/arpeggio) or a chord (notes played at the same time).

Each type of scale has a different interval pattern between each note i.e. for major and minor. It’s easiest to initially think of the major scale pattern when you first start learning this.

Major Scale Intervals

The intervals for a major scale, starting from the root, are: Tone; Tone; Semitone; Tone; Tone; Tone; and Semitone.

Each note in the scale is also given a reference name which are the ‘Scale Degrees’ i.e. Tonic, Supertonic etc.

The diagram below shows the different intervals between notes in the major scale and the names of each of the notes i.e. Tonic, Supertonic etc.

As an example, the below diagrams show the C Major Scale notes and the intervals between the notes along with them over the chromatic scale wheel.

What is the difference between Major and Minor?

The main difference between major and minor chords and/or scales is the sound they make.

Major scales/chords are very pleasant and happy sounding whereas minor scales/chords have a moody sound.

Even though there’s such a huge difference in emotion and sound between major and minor, there’s a very small technical difference between them.

Let’s go through this.

Why do Major and Minor Sound different?

So why do minor scales sound different to major scales?

It’s because there are different intervals between the notes.

If you remember from above, we covered the Chromatic Scale and that we only have a total of 12 notes to choose from.

There are no more and no less. It’s all we’ve got, sorry.

We take a selection of the notes from the Chromatic Scale to make a major/minor scale. But the intervals (spacing between notes) are different for each.

Let’s look at the Minor Scale now to see how major and minor differ.

Minor Scale Intervals and Pattern

The intervals for this minor scale (known as the Natural Minor Scale), starting from the root, are: Tone; Semitone; Tone; Tone; Semitone; Tone; and Tone.

The diagram below shows the different intervals between notes in the major scale and the names of each of the notes i.e. Tonic, Supertonic etc.

As an example, the below diagrams show the A Minor Scale notes and the intervals between the notes along with them over the Chromatic Scale wheel.

You can see that the notes in the C Major and A Minor Scale are the same. This shows that it is just the order that the notes are heard that makes them have a different sound.

What is a Pentatonic Scale?

The Pentantonic Scale is talked about a lot in guitar playing, especially among beginners/intermediate guitarists.

This is because the Pentatonic Scale is a simplified version of other scales.

The most common forms are the Major Pentatonic and Minor Pentatonic scales.

So, what is the Pentatonic Scale?

It’s essentially a selection of 5 notes from each respective scale within one octave.

Major Pentatonic

The selection of notes with respect to the wider major scale is given below:

Root – Second – Third – Fifth – Sixth

The Major Pentatonic Scale is taken from the Major Scale and the Minor Pentatonic Scale is taken from the Natural Minor Scale.

Minor Pentatonic

The selection of notes with respect to the wider minor scale is given below:

Root – Third – Fourth – Fifth – Seventh

Where do Pentatonic Scales Come From?

Pentatonic Scales are believed to date way back to the ancient Greek period to even predate Pythagoras (500 BC).

Simple musical instruments were made and tuned to the Pentatonic Scale for a few reasons but essentially the number 5 was believed to have cultural significance.

Pentatonic Scales are used commonly as they tend to fit well when played randomly as they lack the more complicated dissonant intervals.

Common Pentatonic Scales

The most commonly used versions of these scales in guitar playing are the C Major and Minor Pentatonic.

These scales are harmonically related, so we’ll go through those now.

C Major Pentatonic Scale Wheel

A Minor Pentatonic Scale Wheel

Notice that the notes in both C Major Pentatonic and A Minor Pentatonic are the same, as per the wider full scales.

The different sound comes from the order they are played in and therefore the intervals between each note.

Starting on C and playing through the pentatonic scale sounds different to starting on the A note and playing through.

I’ve also given some example neck diagrams for the C Major and A Minor Pentatonic Scales.

C Major Pentatonic Scale Guitar Neck Diagram

A Minor Pentatonic Scale Guitar Neck Diagram

For further reading and improving your knowledge you can find and explore other Pentatonic Scales such as the Egyptian Suspended Pentatonic, Blues Minor Pentatonic, and Blues Major Pentatonic.

I hope this article helped you to understand more about the elusive question of “What is a Pentatonic Scale?”. I could carry on further and, in more detail, but thought this was a good place to stop for now.

I also have lots of free guitar lesson guitar available when you subscribe to the Fret Success Academy.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN NOW!

Thanks,

Dan

(Founder)

www.fretsuccess.com

What guitar gadgets would you recommend to any guitar player?

November 20, 2018October 2, 2019 Dan - Fret Success

Summary

Gadgets are wonderful. Most I can’t live without and, sure, some are just nice to have/fun. They all have their place though. It’s hard to pin down a shortlist but I’ve had a go at prioritising my recommendations. Plus it’s that time of year where you probably want to get a gift for the guitarist in your life.

I’ve listed a few gadgets that can help improve your creativity, progression and musical expression whilst also reducing wasted time. Here’s a summary of the gadgets I’ve put on my list:

Clip on Tuner
Guitar Stands or Wall Hangers
Guitar Maintenance Gadgets
Plectrum/Pick Holders
Capo
Time/life Savers
Technique Improvement
Musical Expression and Songwriting

This list isn’t everything but will likely give you insight into some gadgets that could save you time, patience and help with your musical process.

Have you joined the free Fret Success Academy yet? Just visit here to find out more and join!

Plus there’s a free 7 day email course with my top guitar practice strategies, just wait for the pop up on the site!

Anyway, on to the main article!

Main Article

Let’s answer this question that you either have thought about for improving your playing, that you think you’re missing out or if you’re wanting to get a guitarist a gift.

So, “What guitar gadgets would you recommend to any guitar player?”?

Let’s go through some categories and options.

There are so many guitar gadgets out there, especially those that promise to improve your guitar playing or even just the next “must have thing”.

It’s nice to treat ourselves every now and then and I am partial to this, as life is too short right?

It’s easy to keep buying a new guitar gadget or the latest thing but what are the things that are a staple to most guitar players?

You know the things that you’ll use to enhance or improve your playing or musical expression?

Well, there are a few gadgets that I find that I use every day, other gadgets that I’m glad I have in my possession for occasional use, and some that are pretty much just toys.

Each of these has its place and of course depends on the budget you have available.

So what types of gadget are there?

When I think about when I’m asked, “What guitar gadgets you would recommend to any guitar player”, I just think about what I have recommended to my students over the years and through the conversations I have with other fellow experienced guitarists.

I’ve made the following lists based on what I have found to be the most effective gadgets for not just helping not just improving technique and musical expression but to also just make life easier.

The following sections take you through the gadgets for each of the following uses,

General day to day gadgets;
Make your life easier;
Technique improvement; and
Musical expression and songwriting.

General Day to Day Gadgets

Clip on Tuner

I must admit that I bought one of these years ago and just never got along with it.

The technology just didn’t work well, especially for the lower strings.

I just found it easier to use the pedal versions, especially with there being no strobe tuning function on it (if you haven’t used a strobe tuner, use one and you’ll never go back).

This opinion changed when I came across the TC electronic PolyTune Clip.

The Polytune Clip is the best clip on tuner I have tried. It has a couple of great features including recognizing what strings are out of tune when all are strummed and strobe tuner functionality.

This is a must have gadget for any guitarist.

Link: https://www.amazon.com/TC-Electronic-966111001-PolyTune-Clip/dp/B00ZU4G0ZK/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1540512822&sr=8-1&keywords=polytune+clip

Guitar Stand or Wall Hanger

If you’re a gigging person, then having a guitar stand is a must; as just leaving it propped up is asking for trouble.

I’ve seen so many nice guitars slide away from the wall and crash to the ground with an almighty bang and strike of the strings.

So, if you gig then you need to get a stand, no questions asked.

Another way to think about it is considering one of the main things that generally hinders you wanting to practice.

This is where your guitar is stored.

Have you ever thought about practicing your guitar and then you can’t be bothered because it’s locked up in a case in the wardrobe?

Well, one of the best things to do here is just make it more accessible using a guitar stand.

There are so many options out there for guitar stands, some good and some bad; with varying functionality.

If you have more than one guitar you might find it beneficial to have either a dual or multi guitar stand. I’ve found that having them hung on the wall is best, if you have space and permission.

This is because they are out of the way, not getting tripped over and you can easily just grab it off the wall and get playing.

So here are some guitar stand options with varying styles, so it really depends on what works for you.

Maintaining your Guitar

These are the cheapest gadgets you can get but easily the most overlooked, especially for beginner guitar players.

The guitar strings pickup all sorts of scum and dirt from your fingers when you’re playing, the natural oils are corrosive to strings and the tone is affected quicker than you might think.

There are a few ways of increasing the longevity of strings, and the following gadgets can help with this.

Don’t forget to wash and dry your hands well before using the guitar too.

Clean Rag:

Wiping down your guitar after you play is a sure-fire way to increase the life of your strings.

Any microfiber cloth will do but here are some small ones you could use!

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Auntwhale-15x17cm-Polishing-Cleaning-Instrument/dp/B07CGNNJKZ/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1542310516&sr=8-2&keywords=guitar+wipe+cloth

Guitar Case Dehumidifier:

Regulating the amount of moisture content in your guitar is crucial for keeping it in good conditioner.

There are some pretty weird and wonderful devices that can give you amazing control but why not start with something small, cheap and manageable.

These little packs work a treat.

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Ever-Bamboo-Dehumidifier-Natural-Charcoal/dp/B01D9P1KNI/ref=sr_1_1?s=sports&ie=UTF8&qid=1542310550&sr=8-1&keywords=guitar+case+dehumidifier

String Preserver and Lubricant:

You know that sound that your guitar strings make when you slide your hands on them, it can be a bit bearing on the listener.

Also, you may find that sliding up and down the neck isn’t as easy as you would like.

Well the FretFast is perfect for these symptoms/woes. They also make it harder for the sweat and corrosive materials to degrade the string over time.

I highly recommend this product and it lasts ages!

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/GHS-Strings-A87-FAST-FRET/dp/B0002D0CQC/ref=sr_1_2?s=sports&ie=UTF8&qid=1542310572&sr=8-2&keywords=fast+fret

Lemon Oil by Jim Dunlop:

Caring for your guitar is essential and one way of maintaining the moisture content in the neck and provide some lubrication is through applying lemon oil.

You don’t need to use it regularly, but I give my unstrung neck a good clean with a strong rag/cloth and then apply lemon oil to protect it!

It’s a great product to have around.

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Dunlop-6554-Ultimate-Lemon-Oil/dp/B0002OOMW6/ref=sr_1_1?s=sports&ie=UTF8&qid=1542310611&sr=8-1&keywords=lemon+oil+jim

Pick/Plectrum Holders

One of the biggest pet hates for guitarists is losing picks/plectrums!

Who know where they go sometimes?

I’ve moved to a new house and never been able to find a plectrum that went missing.

I’ve heard rumours that they travel to another dimension to live out the rest of their lives.

Another issue is the long search to find a pick/plectrum to use.

Also, you could be playing a live show and lose a plectrum then be searching for it mid song!!

So many plectrum/pick related woes!

So, one of the best things to do to solve this issue is get a device to hold them in place or at least store them somewhere. Here are a few devices to help you with this trying time.

Convenient Pick Store:

Store them in a fixed location on the back of your guitar headstock, desk etc. using a pick store

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Dunlop-5005-Pickholder-1-Pack/dp/B0002OOMU8/ref=sr_1_cc_5?s=aps&ie=UTF8&qid=1542310644&sr=1-5-catcorr&keywords=guitar+pick+holder

Microphone Mount Pick/Plectrum Store:

Slide this on your microphone stand at a gig, load it up and stop looking for plectrums/picks mid song.

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Dunlop-5010-Stand-Pkhldr-7-Inch/dp/B0002D0CNA/ref=sr_1_cc_6?s=aps&ie=UTF8&qid=1542310733&sr=1-6-catcorr&keywords=guitar+pick+holder

String winder:

It can take an age to change strings and sometimes you haven’t got the time, say mid performance.

This neat little device speeds things up and keeps everything you need to change strings handy including a string winder, peg remover and trimmer.

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Guitar-Bass-Maintenance-Strings-Extractor/dp/B0716F22K8/ref=sr_1_3_sspa?s=musical-instruments&ie=UTF8&qid=1542310746&sr=1-3-spons&keywords=string+winder&psc=1

Capo:

A capo is a must have device for any guitarist. They are so useful! Everyone should have one and that’s it really.

If you’re not sure what a capo is for, Click here for my article on the very topic!

I’ve given a link to a cool looking and functional capo.

There are a massive range out there though and lots of different concepts.

It’s personal preference but I’ve always preferred the quick clamp on/release ones just for convenience and consistency, especially for playing live.

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Guitar-Acoustic-Electric-Feeling-Durable/dp/B071JFRL3C/ref=sr_1_10?s=musical-instruments&ie=UTF8&qid=1542310783&sr=1-10&keywords=guitar+capo

Power conditioner and surge protector:

Protecting your electronic equipment and yourself is very important. Poor electrical connections can damage equipment.

They can fluctuate quite a bit and you’re at the mercy of it in most scenarios where you use your gear.

You should at least have a surge protector but think about going to the next level by conditioning your power supply with an all in one unit!

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/B003BQ91Y6/ref=oh_aui_detailpage_o03_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1

Make my life easier

It’s one thing having your lesson content easily accessible on your portable device but trying to prop it up somewhere and be able to see it from your guitar is another matter.

There are a few items that can help you position that device in a better location for access whilst playing your guitar for either live or rehearsal.

Phone & iPad holders for mic stand and guitar

Phone:

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Holder-Guitar-Singing-Suction-Musicians/dp/B079WHWQWF/ref=sr_1_11?s=musical-instruments&ie=UTF8&qid=1542310890&sr=1-11&keywords=phone+holder+for+musician

iPad/tablet:

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/CTA-PAD-MTG-Microphone-Gooseneck-Performance/dp/B06X9S2VWQ/ref=sr_1_1?s=musical-instruments&ie=UTF8&qid=1542310925&sr=1-1&keywords=ipad+holder+for+musician

Technique Improvement

Grip trainer:

Now let’s look at a standard technique improvement product that I even use now.

It’s not just for improving technique but also for maintaining strength in your fingers as an experienced player.

You just need to squeeze this device when you’re relaxing, like watching TV/browsing internet etc.

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Strengthener-Adjustable-Exerciser-Dexterity-Instruction/dp/B07GPB8CQB/ref=sr_1_5?s=musical-instruments&ie=UTF8&qid=1542310992&sr=8-5&keywords=guitar+grip+master

Musical Expression and Songwriting

If you have some/all of the above items and you’re confident with your playing, it’s probably time to work on getting gadgets to help with your musical expression and songwriting.

The following gadgets are perfect for this.

Mobile Phone Voice Recorder App:

Getting a voice recorder app on your phone is a complete must.

You never know when the next idea will come to you, a riff, a lyric etc.

The one thing you do know is that you need to be ready for it.

Remembering ideas is tough, especially if you’re not ready to progress that idea there and then.

Android: http://andauth.co/QSZKLW

Iphone: https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/voice-recorder-audio-editor/id685310398?mt=8

Zoom H1 Portable Digital Recorder:

This device is great if you want to improve your audio recording quality or even want to record audio for YouTube covers etc.

Phones are great and convenient but if you want more then this is the next step up.

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Zoom-Handy-Portable-Digital-Recorder/dp/B003QKBVYK/ref=sr_1_2?s=musical-instruments&ie=UTF8&qid=1542311094&sr=1-2&keywords=Zoom+H1+Portable

Guitar Slide:

This next one is a stylistic gadget.

It’s simple but not the easiest thing to use and make sound good.

It’s a must for blues and rock players but it’s also worth getting if you just want to spice up your playing. Use it to add a cool fretless slide effect to your playing.

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Jim-Dunlop-222-Guitar-Slide-Medium/dp/B0002D0ELU/ref=sr_1_4?s=musical-instruments&ie=UTF8&qid=1542311063&sr=1-4&keywords=guitar+slide

Sound Card and DAW:

So, you’re ready to record an album and hit the big time?

You used to have to wait for a record deal but now you can do it all from the luxurious and inexpensive environment of your home.

The next gadget to consider in this realm is a dedicated external sound card and Digital Audio Workstation (DAW).

There are lots of options out there but the new Focusrite Scarlett series is a great value for money product. It only has two inputs but if you get yourself a drum sampler plugin and amp simulator then there’s nothing stopping you for electric.

If you’re acoustic, just get a microphone and stand and you’re off!!

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Focusrite-Scarlett-2i2-Audio-Interface-Tools/dp/B01E6T56EA/ref=sr_1_2?s=musical-instruments&ie=UTF8&qid=1542311143&sr=1-2&keywords=focusrite

PRS Supermodels:

For the electric guitarists amongst you, I have come across one of the best amp simulators there is.

Sure, there are much more sophisticated and flexible options out there but for this price, it’s unbeatable!

Get this series and do away with all the frustration with getting a good guitar sound and hit the ground running with your ideas and focus on the songwriting instead.

Link: https://www.waves.com/plugins/prs-supermodels

Hammer Jammer

This is the only novelty type gadget that I’ve mentioned in this post.

If you have the budget and the sound fits your style, then this little product could be the thing you’re looking for.

Google it and check out the videos, it’s quite a cool little device and unique.

Link: https://www.amazon.com/Hammer-Jammer/dp/B00Z7Y9XU2

Ditto Looper

Looping is very fashionable now, but it also serves another purpose.

When you’re practicing it can get a bit tedious just playing solos or parts on your own.

With the help of a looper you can record a chord sequence into the looper, loop it and play back with it and then you’re not so lonely anymore.

I believe the ditto looper can also store your recorded loop and have song ideas put onto it. Pretty damn cool!

Link: https://www.amazon.ca/Electronic-Guitar-Ditto-Looper-Effects/dp/B00AZUAORE

Final Thoughts

I hope this list of my recommended gadgets has helped you either find a new toy, get a crucial new tool or give you some gift inspiration for a guitarist in your life.

There are so many guitar gadgets out there and more released every year. Check out videos from NAMM to get ideas of the latest releases and gear that’s out.

Have you joined the Free Guitar Academy yet? Why not? Click here to Sign Up!!

Dan

(Fret Success Founder)

https://www.fretsuccess.com

How do Guitar Strings Produce Their Sound?

October 20, 2018September 23, 2020 Dan - Fret Success

Summary

Here are a few summarizing points to help if you haven’t got time to read the whole article on "How do Guitar Strings Produce Their Sound?" now:

The sound is produced in the string through a series of energy conversions from energy in your arms to air fluctuations caused by the string moving in the air and then the behavior of the string under clamped conditions;
As the string movement is restricted at both ends, this causes a standing wave pattern at the fundamental frequency and harmonics of that fundamental;
The fundamental frequency of a vibrating string clamped at both ends is the fundamental tone of the guitar string, i.e. what it is tuned to. The harmonics add the richer, more complex sound to the fundamental string to create the sound you hear when you play a guitar string;
Damping in the guitar from the bridge, nut and other connected elements reduce the amplitude of a guitar string vibrating over time; length a string vibrates is commonly known as sustain; and
Electric guitar pickups do not act like a microphone, they produce sound through the strings vibrating in the pickup’s magnetic field.

I hope you find this content interesting and useful and that you find time to read the full article. You can also find lots more guitar tips in the free online FRET SUCCESS ACADEMY!

CLICK HERE TO JOIN NOW!

Main Article

This is an easy one, vibrations and acoustics cause a guitar string to produce their sound.

If you’re sensible, you’ll take this sentence and call this topic of “How do guitar strings produce their sound?” understood. However, if you want to know more on this interesting topic, then read on for more juicy content.

This information isn’t just applicable to guitars, it applies to all stringed instruments. Note that I’m not going to go into all the little details about this topic, as it’s too much for this article but I’ll give you enough information to give you a better understanding and whet your appetite to read more into how guitar strings produce their sound.

The Basics

When a guitar is not being played, it obviously doesn’t make any sound; well most of the time…

Let’s think about how you make a guitar create sound in the first place? Well you either pluck or strum the strings, right? But first, let’s talk about this in terms of energy transfer to help understand how do guitar strings produce their sound?

When a guitar is played, there is an energy transfer from you to the instrument, starting with the kinetic energy from your arm/fingers. This kinetic energy is transferred to the string when it is plucked or struck. The kinetic energy is produced due to the action of striking/plucking the string displacing the string from its rest position and releasing it.

As the string is under tension and secured at both ends, an oscillation occurs with the string moving back and forth past the rest position. The string then vibrates, and now we have the first building block for the string to produce sound.

The motion of this string then interacts with the air around the string and turns the kinetic vibrational energy into acoustic energy or “sound”. Let’s go into that a little deeper.

String Vibration to Sound

You’ve probably heard that there isn’t any sound in space and this is true (well not sound that humans can hear), this is because there isn’t much “stuff” for it to transfer the energy through; an air vacuum. The fact is that for the vibrational energy in a moving string (or any vibrating source) to be heard, or considered as sound, there needs to be a medium for it to transfer to and propagate through.

When we play the guitar (assuming you’re not in space here), this medium is the particles in the air! We also get an energy transfer through the vibration of the guitar but I’m not going into this now, it’s less relevant to the topic of how do guitar strings produce their sound.

The vibrational movement of the string causes local air pressure changes to occur, which is more commonly known as sound intensity/pressure. This sound intensity/pressure then propagates and changes through the air, as what we know as sound, and eventually reaching our ears. However, this level of sound from the strings alone is very small, just think about an unplugged electric guitar. It’s the rest of the instrument that helps amplify this signal either electrically or acoustically through body/sound hole.

If you found this article useful then please give an UPVOTE to let me know!!

Pitch

The pitch of a vibrating string is essentially determined by the tension/stiffness, mass, and length of the string and is related to something called the natural frequency (often referred to as the fundamental frequency or just the fundamental). The physical relationship is based on a mass-spring system for a resonant oscillation.

The vibration of a guitar string involves a standing wave concept (as both ends of the string are clamped by the nut and bridge, changing the way it behaves). The phenomenon of standing waves also causes other frequencies to be produced, called harmonics/harmonic series, which relate to the fundamental resonant frequency.

What is a standing wave?

The first possible instance of a standing wave is called the fundamental/first harmonic. The fundamental standing wave is apparent when there are two ends of a string clamped down and unable to oscillate. Though, the center region is free to move.

The fundamental standing wave is apparent when the system is excited at its natural frequency. The natural frequency, Hz is the frequency that the string wants to vibrate at. You can easily see this happening with your guitar when there is an external sound that excites the guitar string, such as a bass guitar. If a bass guitar note of A is struck near a guitar, you will find that an unattended guitar’s A string will start to ring/vibrate. This is because an external acoustic force is exciting the string at its resonant frequency. It loves it!!

The above diagram shows the string vibrating at its natural standing wave frequency at a snapshot in time. The string will go up and down/back and forth, but the center point will always be where the maximum movement/displacement occurs. This is called the Antinode. The points where the strings are clamped are called Nodes. This state of the string shows the half wavelength.

So how does this relate to pitch?

The length of the guitar string determines the fundamental standing wave and relates to the natural frequency of the string. This is easy to understand if you consider the instance of a sine wave (remember back to school?). If we take one full cycle of a sine wave, we can then compare this to the standing wave pattern. You can see that the standing wave pattern is half a full wavelength (path zero (node) to max (antinode) to zero (node) to min (antinode) to zero (node).

We can then determine the natural frequency of the string vibration using the following equation, which describes the relationship between mass, tension and string length for a standing wave:

Pitch is directly related to the frequency of sound, being the descriptor for the way that humans determine and hear the different frequencies of sound.

There are other higher frequency resonances that occur in the guitar string, which relate to the fundamental; typically, by a whole number. These are weaker in amplitude compared to the fundamental but help add the richer/more complex sonic properties to a resonating guitar string. These are called harmonic frequencies. The harmonic frequency number relates to the number of half wavelengths in the string’s vibration. The diagram below shows the third harmonic, as there are three half wavelengths in the string vibration.

You can see this easily if you have a recording setup at home. Just record a guitar string being played and then listen back with a frequency analyser on the channel and you will see the fundamental note (f1) and harmonics (f2, f3 etc). The diagram below shows this for the A note with the fundamental at 110 Hz, 1st harmonic at 220 Hz, 3rd Harmonic at 330Hz.

Damping

Have you noticed that when you strike a chord on a guitar it doesn’t ring out forever? Some guitars have pretty good sustain but eventually, the sound from the guitar strings will stop. It’s also obviously due to the vibrational energy lost as sound but that’s a given.

It’s also because there is an element of damping applied to the guitar strings through the various restrictive parts of the instrument including bridge connection, nut, guitar neck, guitar body and basically anything coupled to the string in some way, including the air around it. You just need to think of damping in terms of something that converts the kinetic energy in the active string to another form of energy, mainly vibration and acoustic energy but also an element of heat too.

Acoustic to electric?

We’ve been through the physical elements that cause a guitar string to make acoustic energy or sound. However, let’s just briefly go through how an electric guitar generates sound from the vibrating strings.

The way an electric guitar produces sound is completely different from the way an acoustic one (forget about electro-acoustic for now). You’ve probably guessed that the pickups have something to do with this and you’d be right; it’s obvious from the name if you think about it (pickup = pick up the sound). These wonderful things called pickups are basically metal poles placed in a magnet with a wire coil wrapped around them. Why do you think that is? Do you have an idea, is the pickup just like a microphone that picks up the sound from the guitar strings? First, let’s look at what a microphone is.

You may be familiar with a condenser or dynamic microphone in that that it directly picks up the fluctuations in the air by moving the diaphragm in the microphone capsule, I’m not going into these differences now; maybe another topic. This being the nearest tool we have for picking up changes in acoustic energy directly. The acoustic energy from the moving of the diaphragm is converted into a voltage detected by your mixing desk or pre-amplifier and then transferred back to acoustic energy by a loudspeaker. A microphone is a transducer, which converts energy from one form to another i.e. electrical potential to acoustic energy.

A microphone can be used to pick up sound from many sources of different amplitude, but an electric guitar is a very quiet instrument, quieter than a voice. If you’re a performer, you’ll know that using a microphone to amplify a quiet instrument is a nightmare in a live performance environment and can produce feedback issues very easily. If guitar pickups were microphones then we would have so many issues with them and would likely pick up other sound sources with higher levels over the guitar, which wouldn’t make sense in a live band scenario.

Guitar pickups generate “sound” in a completely different way to microphone. The strings sit in a magnetic field produced by the pickup and it is the movement of the strings within that field that cause fluctuations in voltage. These voltage fluctuations are then sent to the amplifier via your guitar lead. The voltage is then converted by the amplifier and loudspeaker into acoustic energy, which you then hear. This is a far more efficient way of getting a better signal to noise ratio from the guitar string movement.

So, what about an electroacoustic guitar well these can use up to three mechanisms to generate the sound from the guitar strings. These are a magnetic pickup, piezoelectric pickup or a microphone. The microphone is mainly used to get the sound generated from within the sound hole, to give that extra realism that is expected from a natural acoustic guitar sound. The under saddle piezoelectric pickups are very common but typically give a very unnatural guitar sound.

I hope this article helped you to understand more about the elusive topic of "How do Guitar Strings Produce Their Sound?". I could carry on further and, in more detail, but thought this was a good place to stop for now.

I also have lots of free guitar lesson guitar available when you subscribe to the Fret Success Academy.

Thanks,

Dan

(Founder)

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What’s the lowest it will go?

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Bass Guitar

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How does a single tone knob work?

What is a low pass filter?

Basic Electric Guitar Circuit

How does the type of capacitor influence the tone knob function?

What are potential uses of the tone knob?

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What are Musical Scales?

Chromatic Scale

But there can’t be just one scale I’ve heard of major and minor scales!

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Major Scale Intervals

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